Use of Four Predictive Screening Variables for Determination of Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction in Adolescent Soccer Athletes

Context: Chronic onset of sacroiliac joint dysfunction (SIJD) is increasing in adolescent athletic populations including soccer. However, there is currently no pre-season screening tool for SIJD in this population. There are variables that are currently associated with SIJD, however, it is unknown if these variables developed into a screening tool can accurately predict the risk of sustaining SIJD. Objective: The purpose of this study was to create an effective screening tool for SIJD in adolescent soccer athletes and establish predictive values for SIJD injury risk. Design: A retrospective exploratory study to screen for risk factors contributing to SIJD in the adolescent soccer athletes. Setting: The testing took place in an athletic training facility at a mid-Atlantic high school. Only one clinician administered the testing procedures. Patients or other participants: This study included members of the varsity and junior varsity boys\u27 (n = 6, 16.33+/-1.37 yrs, 176.50+/-6.98 cm, 72.12+/-9.92 kg) and girls\u27 (n = 14, 16.00+/-1.11 yrs, 165.93+/-6.39 cm, 61.11+/-6.92 kg) soccer teams from one high school in north central West Virginia. All participants were members of these teams with a sports physical on file. Inclusion criteria included those subjects who are healthy, have no disorders affecting ability to perform any of the tests included in this study, no history of acute injury to the lower extremity or back in the past six months, and no history of surgeries to the core or back within the past year. Exclusion criteria included subjects who have a history of surgery to the core or back within the past year, and those who have a disorder affecting ability to perform any of the tests included in this study. Interventions: Each participant performed during one testing session the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), including all 7 functional movements and the 3 clearing tests, active knee extension test, Palpation Meter (PALM) measurement for pelvic angle, and goniometry assessment of active hip range of motion (flexion/extension/abduction/adduction /internal rotation/external rotation). Main outcome measures: The dependent variables that were measured are the final composite score of the FMS, angle measurement in degrees from the active knee extension test, pelvic tilt angle in degrees from the PALM, and angle measurement in degrees for active hip flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation. Results: A significant correlation with large strength (PCC = 0.545, p = .013) was found between SIJ injury and active hip abduction. A significant correlation with large strength (PCC = 0.732, p \u3c.01) was found between the PALM and active hip extension. A significant correlation with medium strength (PCC = 0.473, p = .035) was found between the AKET and active hip flexion. One model in the binary logistic regression created a best fit with an odds ratio of 1.115 (CI95 = 1.003, 1.239, p = .044) with the variables of SIJ injury and active hip abduction. Two nonsignificant models with moderate odds ratios were produced for the PALM (OR = 1.141, CI95 = .841, 1.547, p = .397) and years playing soccer (OR = 1.319, CI95 = .854, 2.036, p = .212). A stepwise binary logistic regression created a best fit model with an odds ratio of 1.168 (CI95 = 1.004, 1.359, p = .045) that included both active hip abduction and the FMS to detect and SIJ injury. Conclusion: The results from this study indicate that active hip abduction will significantly predict an SIJ injury. Years of playing soccer, the FMS, and pelvic positioning may also be clinically useful assessments to predict an SIJ injury

An examination of two case studies of indoor residential Radon related to Radon policy at the state and local levels

Department: Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning

The Stranger Across the Kill Floor or The Friend You Choose: Social Contact Effects on Immigration Related Policies In Rural America

This paper seeks to reconcile the effects of the racial threat hypothesis and social contact theory. While seemingly contradictory and competing, this paper demonstrates that the influence of each may vary by context. The social contact theory posits that increased social contact with different ethnic and/or racial groups tends to lead to more tolerant opinions of those groups. The racial threat hypothesis argues the opposite in that increased contact and proximity may lead to increased competition and hostility between groups that can be economically or culturally-based. The results of this research show that the effects of the two theories are not mutually exclusive. Non-Hispanic whites who sense a threat from Hispanics to one's economic well-being, and political resources and power are significantly more likely to oppose policies that lend aid to immigrant students. This effect may be increased among these individuals by workplace contact with groups they perceive as being a threat. While the social contact of friendship with Latinos is shown to significantly reduce perceptions of racial threat among rural whites, the forced contact of the workplace tends to influence their attitudes in the opposite and negative direction. This research also found that a difference in how social contact interacts with ideology. Workplace contact with Latinos does little to change perceptions of racial threat or support for English-only laws among those who are more conservative, and already more likely to feel threatened and be supportive of such laws. However, workplace contact is shown to increase such perceptions and support among those who identify as more liberal. When it comes to the effects of social contact, context matters

CHARACTERISTICS OF FARMLAND LEASING IN THE NORTH CENTRAL UNITED STATES

Leasing behavior differs across the North Central United States. Survey data is used to characterize leasing activity in the region. Data is collected on the amount of leased farmland, amount of cash and share leased land, and common output share levels. Factors influencing leasing and arrangements are also identified.Land Economics/Use,

Perceptions of Immigration as a Threat to the Good Life in Rural America

Rural attitudes differ from those of the general public because much of rural America tends to be or recently was predominantly non-Hispanic white. Attitudes towards immigrants and immigration have changed in rural America as new immigrants came into rural communities that did not fit the with the dominant culture and ethnicity of rural residents. Rural whites are more likely find immigrants, especially non-European immigrants, to be threatening. They are more likely to perceive immigrants to be a threat to their identity, community, culture, political power, and economic well-being because the new immigrants do not fit with rural whites’ stronger attachment to the identity of American as being white. However, this perceived threat may be mitigated by increased social contact with immigrants in their communit

Spillovers, Foreign Investment, and Export Behavior

Case studies of export behavior suggest that firms who penetrate foreign markets reduce entry costs for other potential exporters, either through learning by doing or through establishing buyer- supplier linkages. We pursue the idea that spillovers associated with one firm's export activity reduce the cost of foreign market access for other firms. We identify two potential sources of spillovers: export activity in general and the specific activities of multinational enterprises. We use a simple model of export behavior to derive a logit specification for the probability a firm exports. Using panel data on Mexican manufacturing plants, we find evidence consistent with spillovers from the export activity of multinational enterprises but not with general export activity.

Assessing Consistency and Fairness in Sentencing: A Comparative Study in Three States

Summarizes a study of sentencing guidelines in Michigan, Minnesota, and Virginia comparing levels of predictability and judicial discretion under different guideline systems, effectiveness in limiting discriminatory disparities, and lessons learned

Glacier Calving: A Numerical Model of Forces in the Calving-Speed/Water-Depth Relation

Empirical data suggest that the race of calving of grounded glaciers terminating in water is directly proportional to the water depth. Important controls on calving may be the extent to which a calving face tends to become oversteepened by differential flow within the ice and the extent to which bending moments promote extrusion and bottom crevassing at the base of a calving face. Numerical modelling suggests that the tendency to become oversteepened increases roughly linearly with water depth. In addition, extending longitudinal deviatoric stresses at the base of a calving face increase with water depth. These processes provide a possible physical explanation for the observed calving-rate/water-depth relation

Buckling Rate and Overhang Development at a Calving Face

Using the finite-element we have modeled the stress field near the calving face of an idealized tidewater glacier under a variety of assumptions about submarine calving-face height, subaerial calving-face height, and ice rheology These simulations all suggest that a speed maximum should be present at the calving face near the waterline. In experiments without crevassing, the decrease in horizontal velocity above this maximum culminates in a zone of longitudinal compression at the surface somewhat Up-glacier from the face. This zone of compression appears to be a consequence of the non-linear rheology of ice. It disappears when a linear rheology is assumed. Explorations of the near-surface stress field indicate that when pervasive crevassing of the surface ice is accounted for in the simulations (by rheological softening), the zone of compressive strain rates does not develop. Variations in the pattern of horizontal velocity with glacier thickness support the contention that calving rates should increase with water depth at the calving face. In addition, the height of the subaerial calving face may have an importance that is not visible ill Current field data owing to the lack of variation in height of such faces in nature. Glaciers with lower calving faces may not have sufficient tensile stress to calve actively, while tensile stresses in simulated higher faces are sufficiently high that such faces will be unlikely to build in nature

Installment 2 of "Creating a Sustainable Food Future": Reducing Food Loss and Waste

Approximately one out of every four calories grown to feed people is not ultimately consumed by humans. Food is lost and wasted to a varying extent across the globe, across all stages of the food value chain, and across all types of food. As a result, overall global food availability is lower than it would be otherwise, negatively affecting food security and requiring the planet's agriculture system to produce additional food to compensate for the food that is not ultimately consumed by people. The potential benefits of reducing food loss and waste are large. As a strategy for closing the food gap between food available today and food needed in 2050 to adequately feed the planet's projected 9.3 billion people, reducing food loss and waste satisfies each of the development and environmental criteria we introduced in the first installment of the Creating a Sustainable Food Future series. While increasing food availability, reducing food loss and waste can alleviate poverty and provide gender benefits while reducing pressure on ecosystems, climate, and water. Reducing food loss and waste may be one of those rare multiple "win-win" strategies.How can the world go about reducing food loss and waste on a large scale? This installment of the forthcoming "World Resources Report Creating a Sustainable Food Future" addresses that question. This working paper, which will feed into that report, begins by clarifying definitions of food loss and waste, then quantifies the scale of the problem and explores the impact addressing the problem could have on the food gap. The paper then focuses on practical solutions for reducing food loss and waste and presents case studies of successful initiatives. It concludes by offering recommendations for how to scale up reductions in food loss and waste